English

应用科学学报 >

2020 , Vol. 38 >Issue 2: 310 - 338

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2020.02.007

光纤传感技术

少模光纤长周期光栅——从模式转换到高灵敏度光纤传感

展开
  • 1. 上海海事大学 物流科学与工程研究院, 上海 201306;
    2. 上海大学 特种光纤与光接入网省部共建重点实验室, 上海 200444

收稿日期: 2020-01-18

  网络出版日期: 2020-04-01

基金资助

国家自然科学基金（No.61875117）；上海市科委重点实验室项目（No.SKLSFO2018-04）资助

收起

Few-Mode Fiber Long-Period Gratings—From Mode Conversion to High Sensitivity Fiber-Optic Sensing

Expand
  • 1. Institute of Logistics Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China;
    2. Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Received date: 2020-01-18

  Online published: 2020-04-01

Fold

摘要

少模光纤长周期光栅具有波长选择性好、插入损耗低、结构灵活多变、集成度高、与光纤系统兼容等优点，是实现少模光纤中模式转换、涡旋模式调控的有效手段，在光纤通信和光纤传感领域都展现了巨大的应用价值.该文介绍了少模光纤长周期光栅在模式转换和光纤传感方面的研究进展，首先介绍了少模光纤长周期光栅的制备技术、模式耦合原理，重点介绍了少模光纤长周期光栅模式转换器，包括标准长周期光栅和螺旋长周期光栅，最后详述了基于少模光纤长周期光栅的光纤传感器的工作原理和实现方法.

关键词： 少模光纤; 长周期光栅; 模式转换; 光纤传感

本文引用格式

赵云鹤, 刘云启 . 少模光纤长周期光栅——从模式转换到高灵敏度光纤传感[J]. 应用科学学报, 2020 , 38(2) : 310 -338 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2020.02.007

Abstract

Few-mode fber (FMF) long-period grating (LPG) with advantages of good wavelength selectivity, low insertion loss, flexible structure, high integration and compatibility with optical fber systems,is an effective means to realize mode conversion and vortex mode regulation in the FMF, which have great potential for applications in the optical fber communications and fber-optic sensing. This paper presents the research progress of FMF-LPG in mode conversion and optical fber sensing. Firstly, the mode coupling principle and fabrication methods of FMF-LPG are introduced. Then, the mode converters based on FMF-LPG including standard LPG and helical LPG are investigated. Finally, the working principle and implementation method of fber-optic sensors based on FMF-LPG are demonstrated.

Key words： few-mode fber; long-period grating; mode converter; fber-optic sensing

参考文献

[1] Richardson D J. Filling the light pipe[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6002):327-328.
[2] Li G, Bai N, Zhao N, et al. Space-division multiplexing:the next frontier in optical communication[J]. Advances in Optics & Photonics, 2014, 6(4):5041-5046.
[3] Ryf R, Randel S, Gnauck A H, et al. Mode-division multiplexing over 96 km of few-mode fber using coherent 66 MIMO Processing[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2012, 30(4):521-531.
[4] Sillard P, Bigot-Astruc M, Molin D. Few-mode fbers for mode-division-multiplexed systems[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2014, 32(16):2824-2829.
[5] Bozinovic N, Yue Y, Ren Y, et al. Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fbers[J]. Science, 2013, 340(6140):1545-1548.
[6] Huang H, Milione G, Lavery M P J, et al. Mode division multiplexing using an orbital angular momentum mode sorter and MIMO-DSP over a graded-index few-mode optical fbre[J]. Scientifc Reports, 2015, 5:14931.
[7] Li A, Wang Y, Fang J, et al. Few-mode fber multi-parameter sensor with distributed temperature and strain discrimination[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40:1488-1491.
[8] Tang M, Zhao Z, Gan L, et al. Spatial-division multiplexed optical sensing using MCF and FMF[C]//In Proceedings of the Advanced Photonics Congress, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2016.
[9] Murshid S, Grossman B, Narakorn P. Spatial domain multiplexing:a new dimension in fber optic multiplexing[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2008, 40:1030-1036.
[10] Salsi M, Koebele C, Sperti D, et al. Mode-division multiplexing of 2x100 Gb/s channels using an LCOS-based spatial modulator[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2012, 30(4):618-623.
[11] Von Hoyningen-Huene J, Ryf R, Winzer P. LCoS-based mode shaper for few-mode fber[J]. Optics Express, 2013, 21(15):18097-18110.
[12] Chen R S, Zhang X Q, Wang J H, et al. Scalable detection of photonic topological charge using radial phase grating[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2018, 112(12):122602.
[13] Bai N, Ip E, Huang Y K, et al. Mode-division multiplexed transmission with inline few-mode fber amplifer[J]. Optics Express, 2012, 20(3):2668-2680.
[14] Chen H, Fontaine N K, Ryf R, et al. Design constraints of photonic-lantern spatial multiplexer based on laser-inscribed 3-D waveguide technology[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2015, 33(6):1147-1154.
[15] Saitoh K, Uematsu T, Hanzawa N, et al. PLC-based LP11 mode rotator for mode-division multiplexing transmission[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(16):19117-19130.
[16] Gross S, Riesen N, Love J D, et al. Three-dimensional ultra-roadband integrated tapered mode multiplexers[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2014, 8(5):L81-L85.
[17] Dong J, Chiang K S, Jin W. Mode multiplexer based on integrated horizontal and vertical polymer waveguide couplers[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(13):3125-3128.
[18] Dong J, Chiang K S, Jin W. Compact three-dimensional polymer waveguide mode multiplexer[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2015, 33(22):4580-4588.
[19] Chen M Y, Cao G D, Yang L, et al. Design of mode conversion waveguides based on adiabatical mode evolution for mode division multiplexing[J]. Applied Physics B, 2017, 123(10):256.
[20] Wu Y, Chiang K S. Ultra-broadband mode multiplexers based on three-dimensional asymmetric waveguide branches[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(3):407-410.
[21] Jin W, Chiang K S. Mode switch based on electro-optic long-period waveguide grating in lithium niobate[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(2):237-240.
[22] Yang Y, Chen K, Jin W, et al. Widely wavelength-tunable mode converter based on polymer waveguide grating[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2015, 27(18):1985-1988.
[23] Jin W, Chiang K S. Mode converters based on cascaded long-period waveguide gratings[J]. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(13):3130-3133.
[24] Wang W, Wu J, Chen K, et al. Ultra-broadband mode converters based on length-apodized long-period waveguide gratings[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(13):14341-14350.
[25] Park K J, Song K Y, Kim Y K, et al. Broadband mode division multiplexer using all-fber mode selective couplers[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(4):3543-3549.
[26] Pidishety S, Srinivasan B, Brambilla G. All-fber fused coupler for stable generation of radially and azimuthally polarized beams[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2016, 29(1):31-34.
[27] Chang S H, Moon S R, Chen H, et al. All-fber 6-mode multiplexers based on fber mode selective couplers[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(5):5734-5741.
[28] Pidishety S, Pachava S, Gregg P, et al. Orbital angular momentum beam excitation using an all-fber weakly fused mode selective coupler[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(21):4347-4350.
[29] Yao S, Ren G, Shen Y, et al. Tunable orbital angular momentum generation using all-fber fused coupler[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2017, 30(1):99-102.
[30] Leon-Saval S G, Fontaine N K, Salazar-Gil J R, et al. Mode-selective photonic lanterns for space-division multiplexing[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(1):1036-1044.
[31] Huang B, Fontaine N K, Ryf R, et al. All-fber mode-group-selective photonic lantern using graded-index multimode fbers[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(1):224-234.
[32] Velazquez-Benitez A, Alvarado J, Lopez-Galmiche G, et al. Six mode selective fber optic spatial multiplexer[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(8):1663-1666.
[33] Wu C, Liu Z, Chung K M, et al. Strong LP01 and LP11 mutual coupling conversion in a two-mode fber Bragg grating[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012, 4(4):1080-1086.
[34] Ali M M, Jung Y, Lim K S, et al. Characterization of mode coupling in few-mode FBG with selective mode excitation[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2015, 27(16):1713-1716.
[35] Sun B, Wang A, Xu L, et al. Transverse mode switchable fber laser through wavelength tuning[J]. Optics Letters, 2013, 38(5):667-669.
[36] Wang L, Vaity P, Ung B, et al. Characterization of OAM fbers using fber Bragg gratings[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(13):15653-15661.
[37] Dong J, Chiang K S. Mode-locked fber laser with transverse-mode selection based on a two-mode FBG[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2014, 26(17):1766-1769.
[38] Ramachandran S, Wang Z, Yan M. Bandwidth control of long-period grating-based mode converters in few-mode fbers[J]. Optics Letters, 2002, 27(9):698-700.
[39] Grüner-Nielsen L, Sun Y, Nicholson J W, et al. Few mode transmission fber with low DGD, low mode coupling, and low loss[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2012, 30(23):3693-3698.
[40] Giles I, Obeysekara A, Chen R, et al. Fiber LPG mode converters and mode selection technique for multimode SDM[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2012, 24(21):1922-1925.
[41] Bozinovic N, Golowich S, Kristensen P, et al. Control of orbital angular momentum of light with optical fbers[J]. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(13):2451-2153.
[42] Li S, Mo Q, Hu X, et al. Controllable all-fber orbital angular momentum mode converter[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(18):4376-4379.
[43] Schulze C, Brüning R, Schrüter S, et al. Mode coupling in few-mode fbers induced by mechanical stress[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2015, 33(21):4488-4496.
[44] Sakata H, Sano H, Harada T. Tunable mode converter using electromagnet-induced longperiod grating in two-mode fber[J]. Optical Fiber Technology, 2014, 20(3):224-227.
[45] Jiang Y, Ren G, Lian Y, et al. Tunable orbital angular momentum generation in optical fbers[J]. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(15):3535-3538.
[46] Jiang Y, Ren G, Li H, et al. Linearly polarized orbital angular momentum mode purity measurement in optical fbers[J]. Applied Optics, 2017, 56(7):1990-1995.
[47] Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang Z, et al. LP01-LP11a mode converters based on long-period fber gratings in a two-mode polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fber[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(6):7013-7021.
[48] Israelsen S M, Rottwitt K. Broadband higher order mode conversion using chirped microbend long period gratings[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(21):23969-23976.
[49] Yang J, Liu H, Wen J, et al. Cylindrical vector modes based Mach-Zehnder interferometer with vortex fber for sensing applications[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2019, 115(5):051103.
[50] Dashti P Z, Alhassen F, Lee H P. Observation of orbital angular momentum transfer between acoustic and optical vortices in optical fber[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2006, 96(4):043604.
[51] Song D R, Park H S, Kim B Y, et al. Acousto optic generation and characterization of the higher order modes in a four-mode fber for mode-division multiplexed transmission[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2014, 32(23):3932-3936.
[52] Zhang W, Wei K, Huang L, et al. Optical vortex generation with wavelength tunability based on an acoustically-induced fber grating[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(17):19278-19285.
[53] Zhang W, Huang L, Wei K, et al. High-order optical vortex generation in a few-mode fber via cascaded acoustically driven vector mode conversion[J]. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(21):5082-5085.
[54] Wei K, Zhang W, Huang L, et al. Generation of cylindrical vector beams and optical vortex by two acoustically induced fber gratings with orthogonal vibration directions[J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(3):2733-2741.
[55] Zhang W, Wei K, Mao D, et al. Generation of femtosecond optical vortex pulse in fber based on an acoustically induced fber grating[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(3):454-457.
[56] Davis D, Gaylord T, Glytsis E, et al. CO2 laser-induced long-period fbre gratings:spectral characteristics, cladding modes and polarisation independence[J]. Electronics Letters, 1998, 34(14):1416-1417.
[57] Rao Y J, Wang Y P, Ran Z L, et al. Novel fber-optic sensors based on long-period fber gratings written by high-frequency CO2 laser pulses[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2003, 21(5):1320-1327.
[58] Liu Y, Chiang K S. CO2 laser writing of long-period fber gratings in optical fbers under tension[J]. Optics Letters, 2008, 33(17):1933-1935.
[59] Wang B, Zhang W, Bai Z, et al. CO2-laser-induced long period fber gratings in few mode fbers[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2014, 27(2):145-148.
[60] Dong J, Chiang K S. Temperature-insensitive mode converters with CO2-laser written longperiod fber gratings[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2015, 27(9):1006-1009.
[61] Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al. Mode converter based on the long-period fber gratings written in the two-mode fber[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(6):6186-6195.
[62] Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang C, et al. All-fber mode converter based on long-period fber gratings written in few-mode fber[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(22):4708-4711.
[63] Wu H, Gao S, Huang B, et al. All-fber second-order optical vortex generation based on strong modulated long-period grating in a four-mode fber[J]. Optics Letters, 42(24):5210-5213.
[64] Xing J, Wen J, Wang J, et al. All-fber linear polarization and orbital angular momentum modes amplifer based on few-mode erbium-doped fber and long period fber grating[J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2018, 16(10):100604.
[65] Zhao Y, Liu Z, Liu Y, et al. Ultra-broadband fber mode converter based on apodized phaseshifted long-period gratings[J]. Optics Letters, 2019, 44(24):5905-5908.
[66] Feng M, Liu Y, Wang Z, et al. Ultra-broadband mode converter using cascading chirped long-period fber grating[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2019, 11(6):1-10.
[67] Cao X, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al. Characteristics of chiral long-period fber gratings written in the twisted two-mode fber by CO2 laser[J]. Applied Optics, 2017, 56(18):5167-5171.
[68] Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, et al. High sensitivity twist sensor based on helical long-period grating written in two-mode fber[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2016, 28(15):1629-1632.
[69] Li B, Zhan X, Tang M, et al. Long-period fber gratings inscribed in few-mode fbers for discriminative determination[J]. Optics Express, 2019, 27(19):26307-26316.
[70] Zhang Y, Bai Z, Fu C, et al. Polarization-independent orbital angular momentum generator based on a chiral fber grating[J]. Optics Letters, 2019, 44(1):61-64.
[71] Erdogan T. Fiber grating spectra[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1997, 15(8):1277-1294.
[72] Kumar A, Goel N K, Varshney R K. Studies on a few-mode fber-optic strain sensor based on LP01-LP02 mode interference[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2001, 19(3):358-362.
[73] Weng Y, Ip E, Pan Z, et al. Few-mode distributed optical-fber sensors[C]//Optical Sensors, Optical Society of America, 2015:SeS3C-3.
[74] Shi L, Zhu T, Fan Y, et al. Torsion sensing with a fber ring laser incorporating a pair of rotary long-period fber gratings[J]. Optics Communnications, 2011, 284:5299-5302.
[75] Shu X W, Zhang L, Bennion I. Sensitivity characteristics of long-period fber gratings[J]. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2002, 20(2):255-266.
[76] Milione G, Nguyen T A. Leach J, et al. Using the nonseparability of vector beams to encode information for optical communication[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(21):4887-4890.
[77] Qiao W, Lei T, Wu Z, et al. Approach to multiplexing fber communication with cylindrical vector beams[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(13):2579-2582.
[78] Yurt A, Grogan M D, Ramachandran S, et al. Effect of vector asymmetry of radially polarized beams in solid immersion microscopy[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(6):7320-7329.
[79] Gu M, Kang H, Li X. Breaking the diffraction-limited resolution barrier in fber-optical twophoton fluorescence endoscopy by an azimuthally-polarized beam[J]. Scientifc Reports, 2014, 4:3627.
[80] Shi S, Ding D S, Zhou Z Y, et al. Magnetic-feld-induced rotation of light with orbital angular momentum[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2015, 106(26):261110.
[81] Yu S, Pang F, Liu H, et al. Compositing orbital angular momentum beams in Bi4Ge3O12 crystal for magnetic feld sensing[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2017, 111(9):091107.
[82] Demas J, Grogan M D W, Alkeskjold T, et al. Sensing with optical vortices in photoniccrystal fbers[J]. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(18):3768-3770.
[83] Lu P, Chen Q. Asymmetrical fber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2010, 2(6):942-953.
Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉