本文提出了一种基于空间位置优化的多通道像素值排序算法，该方法将目标图像划分为多个3￡3像素的子块，充分利用各个像素的空间位置关系，将所有像素分成两部分进行两轮嵌入，第1轮基于空间位置对像素块的边缘像素预测嵌入，第2轮则先对部分像素值进行重新生成，再基于多通道像素值排序的算法对像素值进行中间像素排序嵌入，充分利用了空间位置和像素值大小的相关性。实验结果表明，像素值的重新生成提高了多通道排序算法中的嵌入效率。本文算法在保证可逆性的前提下，不但提升了嵌入容量，而且在峰值信噪比方面表现优异，保证了嵌入后的图像质量，可满足实际应用需求。
In this paper, an optimized multi-pass pixel value ordering (PVO) algorithm based on spatial position is proposed. The target image is first divided into multiple subblocks of 3 ￡ 3 pixels. By fully integrating the spatial positions of each pixel, all pixels are partitioned into two groups for two rounds of embedding. In the first round, the edge pixels of the pixel block are predicted and embedded based on their spatial positions. In the second round, some pixel values are regenerated first, and then the middle pixels are sorted and embedded according to the multi-pass pixel value ordering algorithm, thereby fully exploiting the correlation between spatial position and pixel value size. Experimental results show that the regeneration of pixel values improves the embedding efficiency in the multi-pass sorting algorithm. While ensuring reversibility, the proposed algorithm not only enhances the embedding capacity, but also achieves excellent peak signal to noise ratio performance, ensuring the image quality after embedding and meeting practical application requirements.
[1] 陈阳辉, 唐鑫, 郑婷婷, 等. 基于图像云数据去重的高性能隐蔽通信方案[J]. 应用科学学报, 2024, 42(3): 457-468. Chen Y H, Tang X, Zheng T T, et al. High-performance covert communication scheme based on image cloud data deduplication [J]. Journal of Applied Science, 2024, 42(3): 457-468. (in Chinese)
[2] 陈海欣, 唐鑫, 金路超, 等. 基于模糊广义去重的图像轻量安全云存储方法[J]. 应用科学学报, 2024, 42(5): 769-783. Chen H X, Tang X, Jin L C, et al. Fuzzy generalized deduplication based on lightweight secure cloud storage method for images [J]. Journal of Applied Science, 2024, 42(5): 769-783. (in Chinese)
[3] 周艺腾, 唐鑫, 金路超. 基于自适应MSB可逆信息隐藏的图像云数据密文安全去重机制[J]. 计算机科学, 2024, 51(12): 352-360. Zhou Y T, Tang X, Jin L C. Adaptive MSB reversible data hiding based security deduplication for encrypted images in cloud storage [J]. Computer Science, 2024, 51(12): 352-360.
[4] 唐鑫, 周琳娜, 单伟杰, 等. 基于阈值重加密的抗边信道攻击云数据安全去重方法[J]. 通信学报, 2020, 41(6): 98-111. Tang X, Zhou L N, Shan W J, et al. Threshold re-encryption based secure deduplication method for cloud data with resistance against side channel attack [J]. Journal on Communications, 2020, 41(6): 98-111. (in Chinese)
[5] 唐鑫, 周琳娜. 基于响应模糊化的抗附加块攻击云数据安全去重方法[J]. 计算机应用, 2020, 40(4): 1085-1090. Tang X, Zhou L N. Response obfuscation based secure deduplication method for cloud data with resistance against appending chunk attack [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2020, 40(4): 1085-1090. (in Chinese)
[6] Li X L, Li J, Li B, et al. High-fidelity reversible data hiding scheme based on pixel-valueordering and prediction-error expansion [J]. Signal Processing, 2013, 93(1): 198-205.
[7] Peng F, Li X L, Yang B. Improved PVO-based reversible data hiding [J]. Digital Signal Processing, 2014, 25(2): 255-265.
[8] Ou B, Li X L, Zhao Y, et al. Reversible data hiding using invariant pixel-value-ordering and prediction-error expansion [J]. Signal Processing: Image Communication, 2014, 29(7): 760-772.
[9] He W G, Cai Z C. An insight into pixel value ordering prediction based prediction-error expansion [J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2020, 99: 1-1.
[10] Mao N X, Chen F, Yuan Y, et al. Reversible data hiding based on stationary sequence of pixel value ordering [J]. Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Security, 2022: 374-389.
[11] Weinberger M J, Seroussi G, Sapiro G. The LOCO-I lossless image compression algorithm: principles and standardization into JPEG-LS [J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2000, 9(8): 1309-1324.
[12] Qu X C, Kim J H. Pixel-based pixel value ordering predictor for high-fidelity reversible data hiding [J]. Signal Processing, 2015, 111: 249-260.
[13] Wu H R, Li X L, Zhao Y, et al. Improved PPVO-based high-fidelity reversible data hiding [J]. Signal Processing, 2019, 167: 107264.
[14] Sachenv V, Kim H J, Nam J, et al. Reversible watermarking algorithm using sorting and prediction [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2009, 19(7): 989-999.
[15] Dragoi C, Coltuc D. Improved rhombus interpolation for reversible watermarking by difference expansion [C]//Signal Processing Conference, 2012: 1688-1692.
[16] Kumar R, Caldell R, Wong K S, et al. High-fidelity reversible data hiding using novel comprehensive rhombus predictor [J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2024, 83: 22075- 22097.
[17] Xiang S J, Ruan G. Efficient PVO-based reversible data hiding by selecting blocks with fullenclosing context [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2021, 32(5): 2868-2880.
[18] Tang X, Zhou L N, Liu D, et al. Reversible data hiding based on improved rhombus predictor and prediction error expansion [C]//IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications, 2020: 13-21.
[19] Tang X, Zhou Y T, Cheng Y X, et al. Weighted average-based complexity calculation in block selection oriented reversible data hiding [J]. Security and Communication Networks, 2022: 57-57.
[20] 周琳娜, 唐鑫, 吴正哲, 等. 优化块选择策略的高性能可逆信息隐藏算法[J]. 西安电子科技大学学报, 2023, 50(2): 112-124. Zhou L N, Tang X, Wu Z Z, et al. High performance reversible data hiding with optimized block selection strategy [J]. Journal of Xidian University, 2023, 50(2): 112-124. (in Chinese)
