遗址公园可视性设计是落实“体验为重”规划要求的关键，直接影响文化遗产价值传播。针对传统方法难以精准捕捉山地遗址三维空间特征的问题，以褒斜栈道遗址公园为例，建立基于LiDAR数据的可视性分析与评价体系。采用“数据采集—预处理—模型构建—通视分析—量化评价—优化建议”技术流程，通过背包式LiDAR系统采集数据，构建精度≤5 cm的三维体素模型，在此基础上，选取三维可视性、视野舒展度、视野内地物类型占比3项核心指标开展量化分析。结果表明：3个核心景点的可视性差异显著，其中栈道横梁景点H1的可视性最优（最佳视点的三维可视性为1.000）；栈孔景点Z1受植被与地形的重度遮挡，三维可视性均值仅为0.044;Z2景点的可视性呈显著空间分化，其近景点均值达到0.708，远景点均值仅为0.056，整体均值为0.251。此外，地形、植被（含高大乔木、低矮灌木）、遗址位置、观景设施是影响可视性的四大关键因素。研究提出的优化建议可为遗址公园规划及同类研究提供技术支撑。
Visibility design of heritage parks is the key to implementing the planning concept of “experience-oriented”, which directly affects the dissemination of cultural heritage values. In view of the difficulty of traditional methods in accurately capturing the threedimensional spatial characteristics of mountain sites, a visibility analysis and evaluation system based on LiDAR data was established by taking the Baoxie Plank Road Heritage Park as an example. A technical framework of “data acquisition, preprocessing, model construction, viewshed analysis, quantitative evaluation, and optimization suggestions” was adopted. Data were collected by a backpack LiDAR system, and a three-dimensional voxel model with a precision of ≤ 5 cm was constructed. On this basis, three core indicators,including three-dimensional visibility, visual openness, and the proportion of ground object types in the view, were selected to carry out a quantitative analysis. The results show that there are significant differences in visibility among the three core scenic spots; the plank beam scenic spot H1 has the best visibility(the three-dimensional visibility of the optimal viewpoint is 1.000); the plank hole scenic spot Z1 is heavily blocked by vegetation and terrain, and its average three-dimensional visibility is only 0.044; the visibility of the scenic spot Z2 shows a significant spatial differentiation, with the average value of its near viewpoints reaching 0.708, that of the far viewpoints being only 0.056, and the overall average value being 0.251. In addition, terrain, vegetation(including tall arbors and low shrubs), heritage location, and viewing facilities are the four key factors affecting visibility.The optimization suggestions proposed in this paper can provide technical support for the planning of heritage parks and similar studies.
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