A consensus mechanism based on node reputation values is proposed to address malicious attacks on nodes in the IOTA network. In RV_IOTA, a dynamic reputation value system with time decay is introduced. The reputation value of nodes is adjusted based on their historical transaction performance: valid transactions lead to an increase in the reputation value, while conflicting transactions (such as double-spending attacks) cause a decrease in it, thereby limiting the influence of malicious nodes. RV_IOTA optimizes the selection of Tips algorithm based on node reputation values, which adjusts the probability of Tips being referenced according to reputation values and cumulative transaction weights, making transactions issued by high-reputation nodes more likely to be verified. The proposed mechanism effectively suppresses double-spending attacks in the early stage of the network, reduces the success rate of attacks, and restricts the transaction submission capabilities of malicious nodes, promoting honest nodes to dominate the consensus process and ensuring the robustness and security of the network. Experimental results show that with a scale of 500 nodes, RV_IOTA achieves a throughput of 39 TPS, a 15% improvement over traditional IOTA. Meanwhile the transaction confirmation delay for high-reputation nodes is reduced to 1.2 seconds. By reducing the verification scope of Tips selection from global to neighborhood, the algorithm complexity is decreased. With only a 25% increase in memory overhead, it provides an efficient and reliable decentralized solution for IoT applications.
WANG Chengxiang
,
ZHAO Jindong
,
LIU Weiqi
,
LIU Minghao
,
SHAN Jia
. RV_IOTA Consensus Algorithm Based on Reputation Value[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2025
, 43(4)
: 586
-599
.
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2025.04.003
[1] Nartey C, Tchao E T, Gadze J D, et al. Blockchain-IoT peer device storage optimization using an advanced time-variant multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm [J]. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2022, 1: 1-27.
[2] Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, et al. An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends [C]//IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Hawaiian Islands, 2017: 557-564.
[3] Zarrin J, Wen H, Babu L, et al. Blockchain for decentralization of Internet: prospects, trends, and challenges [J]. Cluster Computing, 2021, 24(4): 2841-2866.
[4] Conti M, Kumar G, Nerurkar P, et al. A survey on security challenges and solutions in the IOTA [J]. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2022, 203: 103383.
[5] Schmid R, Pfitzner B, Beilharz J, et al. Tangle ledger for decentralized learning [C]//IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium Workshops (IPDPSW), Louisiana, USA, 2020: 852-859.
[6] Khrais L T. Comparison study of blockchain technology and IOTA technology [C]//Fourth International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud), Tamil Nadu, India, 2020: 42-47.
[7] Jang J, Lee H. Profitable double-spending attacks [J]. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(23): 8477.
[8] Silvano W F, Marcelino R. Iota Tangle: a cryptocurrency to communicate Internet-of-things data [J]. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2020, 112(2020): 307-319.
[9] 袁勇, 倪晓春, 曾帅, 等. 区块链共识算法的发展现状与展望[J]. 自动化学报, 2018, 44(11): 2011- 2022. Yuan Y, Ni X C, Zeng S, et al. The current situation and prospects of blockchain consensus algorithms development [J]. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2018, 44(11): 2011-2022. (in Chinese)
[10] Komalavalli C, Saxena D, Laroiya C. Overview of blockchain technology concepts [J]. Handbook of Research on Blockchain Technology, 2020: 349-371.
[11] Alshaikhli M, Elfouly T, Elharrouss O, et al. Evolution of Internet of things from blockchain to IOTA: a survey [J]. IEEE Access, 2021, 10(2021): 844-866.
[12] Pervez H, Muneed M, Irfan M U, et al. A comparative analysis of DAG-based blockchain architectures [C]//12th International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies, Lahore, 2018: 27-34.
[13] 胡倩, 陈杨杨. HQIOTA: 基于IOTA的高质量共识机制[J]. 控制理论与应用, 2024, 41(8): 1335- 1340. Hu Q, Chen Y Y. High-quality consensus mechanism based on IOTA [J]. Control Theory & Applications, 2024, 41(8): 1335-1340.
[14] Cao B, Li Y, Zhang L, et al. When Internet of things meets blockchain: challenges in distributed consensus [J]. IEEE Network, 2019, 33(6): 133-139.
[15] Attias V, Bramas Q. How to choose its parents in the tangle? [C]//Networked Systems: 7th International Conference, Marrakech, Morocco, 2019: 275-280.
[16] Fortino G, Messina F, Rosaci D, et al. Using blockchain in a reputation-based model for grouping agents in the Internet of things [J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2019, 67(4): 1231-1243.
[17] Cullen A, Ferraro P, King C, et al. Distributed ledger technology for IoT: parasite chain attacks [J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2020, 7(8): 7112-7122.
