Visible Watermarking for 3D Models Based on Boundary Adaptation and Mesh Subdivision
Received date: 2016-08-05
Revised date: 2016-08-18
Online published: 2016-09-30
Digital watermarking can protect copyrights of digital products, while visible watermarking allows immediate perception so that copyright is openly declared. For threedimensional mesh models, extensive studies on invisible watermarking have been done, but few consider using visible watermarking to achieve direct identification of copyright. This paper proposes a visible watermarking algorithm using a 3D mesh model, which is based on boundary adaptation and grid refining of the 3D mesh model. The algorithm uses a TTF character library in the Windows operating system. It can directly input watermarking information including Chinese characters, English letters, and numbers for embedding. A smooth 3D mesh model is projected to a 2D plane, and then the mesh is broken down to embed the visible watermark. Experiments verify that Chinese characters, English letters and numbers can be shown with smooth edges, and they are robust. Thus copyright of the 3D model is protected.
AN Xin-chen, NI Rong-rong, ZHAO Yao . Visible Watermarking for 3D Models Based on Boundary Adaptation and Mesh Subdivision[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2016 , 34(5) : 503 -514 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2016.05.003
[1] Van Schyndel R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A digital watermark [C]//Image Processing, ICIP-94. IEEE International Conference, 1994, 2: 86-90.
[2] Ohbuchi R, Masuda H, Aono M. Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models[C]//Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York: ACM Press, 1997: 261-272.
[3] 喻志强,叶豪盛,赵荣椿. 稳健的三角形网格数字水印技术[J]. 计算机应用,2002, 22(9): 94-96. Yu Z Q, Ye H S, Zhao R C. Robust triangle mesh watermarking [J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2002, 22(9): 94-96. (in Chinese)
[4] Cho J W, Prost R, Jung H Y. An oblivious watermarking for 3-D polygonal meshes using distribution of vertex norms [J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 2007, 55(1): 142-155.
[5] Luo M, Bors A G. Surface-preserving robust watermarking of 3-D shapes [J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2011, 20(10): 2813-26.
[6] Wang Y P, Hu S M. A new watermarking method for 3D models based on integral invariants[J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2009, 15(2): 285-294.
[7] Kanai S, Date H, Kishinami T. Digital watermarking for 3D polygons using multiresolutionwavelet decomposition [J]. Proceedings of the 6th IFIP WG 5.2 International Workshop on GeometricModeling: Fundamentals and Applications(GEO)-6, Tokyo, Japan, 1998: 296-307.
[8] 张建明,周小梅,王新宇. 局部特征点的3维模型变换域水印算法[J].中国图象图形学报,2014, 19(4): 613-621. Zhang J M, Zhou X M, Wang X Y. Transform domain-watermarking scheme of 3D models based on local feature points [J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2014, 19(4): 613-621. (in Chinese)
[9] 胡敏,刘辉. 基于特征点的自适应三维网格数字水印算法[J]. 合肥工业大学学报:自然科学版,2010, 33(1): 55-59. Hu M, Liu H. Adaptive watermarking scheme of 3D polygonal meshes based on feature points[J]. Journal of Hefei University of Technology: Natural Science, 2010, 33(1): 55-59. (in Chinese)
[10] 陆尘,朱长青,王玉海. 双重视图下的3 维网格模型可见水印[J]. 中国图象图形学报,2014, 19(7): 1068-1073. Lu C, Zhu C Q, Wang Y H. Visible watermarking for three-dimensional mesh model in two views [J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2014, 19(7): 1068-1073. (in Chinese)
[11] Zhan Y Z, Li Y T, Wang X Y. A blind watermarking algorithm for 3D mesh models based on vertex curvature [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University Science, 2014, 15(5): 351-362.
[12] 王小亮,王勇,汤永科. Windows 矢量字体点阵数据提取的实现方法[J]. 单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2014(6): 30-33. Wang X L, Wang Y, Tang Y K. Withdrawing lattice of windows vector fonts [J]. Microcontrollers & Embedded Systems, 2014(6): 30-33. (in Chinese)
[13] 曾文宪,陶本藻. 三维坐标转换的非线性模型[J]. 武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2003, 28(5): 566-568. Zeng W X, Tao B Z. Non-linear adjustment model of three-dimensional coordinate transformation[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2003, 28(5): 566-568. (in Chinese)
[14] 陈瑞卿,周健,虞烈. 一种判断点与多边形关系的快速算法[J]. 西安交通大学学报,2007, 41(1): 59-63. Chen R Q, Zhou J, Yu L. Fast method to determine spatial relationship between point and polygon [J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2007, 41(1): 59-63. (in Chinese)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |