纤维集成式光流控传感器

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2017.04.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

纤维集成光学可方便地实现器件的光耦合，显著提高光流控器件的集成度，在光流控器件领域有重要的潜在应用价值.微结构光纤具有μm量级的孔道结构，容纳气体/液体的体积可低至μL（nL）量级，是痕量检测的理想载体.这种一维孔道结构为样品与光波导提供了长程作用场所，突破了传统光纤光学的局限，在分析检测研究领域显示了无可替代的优势.以空心双芯光纤及悬挂芯光纤为例，介绍几种纤维集成式光纤内光流控器件，通过折射率、气压、化学发光、荧光检测以及在线电泳分离检测的几个简单模型，说明了基于特种光纤的"纤内"微流检测结构及功能的实现。

关键词: 微结构光纤, 微流控, 纤维集成, 光纤传感

Abstract:

In-fiber integrated optics has important prospects in optofluidic device applications as it can realize convenient optical coupling and increase the integration level of the devices. Microstructured optical fibers have microholes with diameters in the micrometer scale, and contain gas or liquid with volumes in the scale of microlitre or nanoliter. Therefore, these fibers are desired carriers in trace detection. The one-dimensional holy structure provides a long cell for the contraction between samples and waveguide, breaking the limitation of traditional optical fiber optics and having irreplaceable advantages in the field of detection and analysis. This paper introduces a series of optical in-fiber integrated optofluidic devices based on special designed optical fibers such as twin-core fiber and suspended-core fiber. Some simple prototypes are described to show the realization of the structures and functions of in-fiber detection. These include detection of refractive index, gas pressure, chemiluminiscence and fluorescence, and also include electrophoresis separation and detection.

Key words: in-fiber integrated, optical fiber sensor, microstructured optical fiber, microfluidic

中图分类号:

O436

杨兴华, 苑婷婷, 赵其锴, 周美华. 纤维集成式光流控传感器[J]. 应用科学学报, 2017, 35(4): 503-522.

YANG Xing-hua, YUAN Ting-ting, ZHAO Qi-kai, ZHOU Mei-hua. In-Fiber Integrated Optofluidic Sensors[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2017, 35(4): 503-522.

参考文献

[1] Manz A, Graber N, Widmer H M. Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems:a novel concept for chemical sensing[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 1990, 1(1-6):244-248.
[2] Irawan R, Tjin S C, Fang X Q, Fu C Y. Integration of optical fiber light guide, fluorescence detection system, and multichannel disposable microfluidic chip[J]. Biomedical Microdevices, 2007, 9(3):413-419.
[3] Jen C P, Huang C T, Lu Y H. Simulation of biochemical binding kinetics on the microfluidic biochip of fiber-optic localized plasma resonance (FO-LPR)[J]. Microelectronic Engineering, 2009, 86(4-6):1505-1510.
[4] Woolley A T, Mathies R A. Ultra-high speed DNA sequencing using capillary electrophoresis chips[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1995, 67(20):3676-3680.
[5] Woolley A T, Hadley D, Landre P. Functional integration of PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis in a microfabricated DNA analysis device[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1996, 68(23):4081-4086.
[6] Thorsen T, Maerkl S J, Quake S R. Microfluidic large scale integration[J]. Science, 2002, 298(5593):580-584.
[7] Fan F, Shen H Y, Zhang G J, Jiang X Y, Kang X X. Chemiluminescence immunoassay based on microfluidic chips for α-fetoprotein[J]. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2014, 431:113-117.
[8] Yu L F, Li Q, Gai H W, Wang Z H. Chemiluminescence response of murine macrophages on multilayer microfluidic chips[J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2012, 166(3):786-795.
[9] Wang S, Chen Q L, Wei X, Wu J, Wang C Y, Liu J H, Zhang L Y, Dong Y Y. A competitive luminol chemiluminescence immunosensor based on a microfluidic chip for the determination of ractopamine[J]. Electrophoresis, 2017, 38(2):368-371.
[10] Russell P. Photonic crystal fibers[J]. Science, 2003, 299(5605):358-362.
[11] Qian W W, Zhao C L, Wang Y P, Chan C C, Liu S, Jin W. Partially liquid-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber polarizer[J]. Optics Letters, 2010, 36(16):3296-3298.
[12] Wang Y, Wang D N, Liao C R, Hu T Y, Guo J T, Wei H F. Temperature-insensitive refractive index sensing by use of micro Fabry-Pérot cavity based on simplified hollow-core photonic crystal fiber[J]. Optics Letters, 2013, 38(3):269-271.
[13] Yang X H, Wang L L. Fluorescence pH probe based on microstructured polymer optical fiber[J]. Optics Express, 2007, 15(25):16478-16483.
[14] Yang X H, Guo X H, Li S, Kong D, Liu Z H, Yang J, Yuan L B. Lab-on-fiber electrophoretic trace mixture separating and detecting an optofluidic device based on a microstructured optical fiber[J]. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(18):1873-1881.
[15] Yang X H, Yuan T T, Yue G Q, Li E T, Yuan L B. Optofluidic integrated in-fiber fluorescence online optical fiber sensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2015, 215:345-349.
[16] Wang X, Li Y, Bao X. C-and L-band tunable fiber ring laser using a two-taper Mach-Zehnder interferometer filter[J]. Optics Letters, 2010, 35(20):3354-3356.
[17] Lu P, Harris J, Wang X, Lin G, Chen L, Bao X. Tapered-fiber-based refractive index sensor at an air/solution interface[J]. Applied Optics, 2012, 51(30):7368-7373.
[18] Li Z, Liao C, Wang Y, Xu L, Wang D, Dong X, Liu S, Wang Q, Yang K, Zhou J. Highlysensitive gas pressure sensor using twin-core fiber based in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(5):6673-6678.
[19] Ma J, Yu Y, Jin W. Demodulation of diaphragm based acoustic sensor using Sagnac interferometer with stable phase bias[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(22):29268-29278.
[20] Zibaii M, Latifi H, Karami M, Gholami M, Hosseini S, Ghezelayagh M. Non-adiabatic tapered optical fiber sensor for measuring the interaction between α-amino acids in aqueous carbohydrate solution[J]. Measurement Science and Technology, 2010, 21(10):105801.
[21] Harris J, Lu P, Larocque H, Chen L, Bao X. In-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometric refractive index sensors with guided and leaky modes[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2015, 206:246-251.
[22] Tong L, Gattass R R, Ashcom J B, He S, Lou J, Shen M, Maxwell I, Mazur E. Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding[J]. Nature, 2003, 426(6968):816-819.
[23] Yang X H, Zheng Y, Luo S Z, Liu Y X, Yuan L B. Microfluidic in-fiber oxygen sensor derivates from a capillary optical fiber with a ring-shaped waveguide[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2013, 182:571-575.
[24] Yang X H, Liu Y X, Tian F J, Yuan L B, Liu Z, Luo S Z, Zhao E M, Optical fiber modulator derivates from hollow optical fiber with suspended core[J]. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(11):2115-2117.
[25] Mothe N, Di B P. Numerical analysis of directional coupling in dual-core microstructured optical fibers[J]. Optics Express, 2009, 17(18):15778-15789.
[26] Kim J K, Kim J, Jung Y, Ha W, Jeong Y S, Lee S, Tünnermann A, Oh K. Compact all-fiber Bessel beam generator based on hollow optical fiber combined with a hybrid polymer fiber lens[J]. Optics Letters, 2009, 34(19):2973-2975.
[27] Liao C R, Liu S, Xu L, Wang C, Wang Y P, Li Z Y, Wang Q, Wang D N. Sub-micron silica diaphragm-based fiber-tip Fabry-Perot interferometer for pressure measurement[J]. Optics Letters, 2014, 39(10):2827-2830.
[28] Wang Y P. Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO₂ laser[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2010, 108(8):081101-081118.
[29] Ma J, Jin W, Ho H L, Dai J Y. High-sensitivity fiber-tip pressure sensor with graphene diaphragm[J]. Optics Letters, 2012, 37(13):2493-2495.
[30] Zhong X Y, Wang Y P, Liao C R, Liu S, Tang J, Wang Q. Temperature-insensitivity gas pressure sensor based on inflated long period fiber grating inscribed in photonic crystal fiber[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(8):1791-1794.
[31] Xu J C, Wang X W, Cooper K L. Wang A B. Miniature all-silica fiber optic pressure and acoustic sensors[J]. Optics Letters, 2005, 30(24):3269-3271.
[32] Ma J, Ju J, Jin L, Jin W. A compact fiber-tip micro-cavity sensor for high-pressure measurement[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2011, 23(21):1561-1563.
[33] Psaltis D, Quake S, Yang C. Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics[J]. Nature, 2006, 442:381-386.
[34] Fan X D, Yun S. The potential of optofluidic biolasers[J]. Nature Methods, 2014, 11(2):141-147.
[35] Rodríguez-Ruiz I, Llobera A, Vila-Planas J, Johnson D, Gómez-Morales J, GarcíaRuiz J. Analysis of the structural integrity of SU-8-based optofluidic systems for small-molecule crystallization studies[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2013, 85(20):9678-9685.
[36] Fan H C, Wang J, Potanina A, Quake S R. Whole-genome molecular haplotyping of single cells[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2011, 29(1):51-57.
[37] Rasmussen K H, Marie R, Lange J M, Svendsen W E, Kristensena A, Mirb K U. A device for extraction, manipulation and stretching of DNA from single human chromosomes[J]. Lab on a Chip, 2011, 11(8):1431-1433.
[38] Liu J Y, Duan Y X. Saliva:a potential media for disease diagnostics and monitoring[J]. Oral Oncology, 2012, 48(7):569-577.
[39] Al-Ogaidi I, Gou H, Aguilar Z, Guo S, Melconian A, Al-Kazaz A, Meng F, Wu N. Detection of the ovarian cancer biomarker CA-125 using chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer to graphene quantum dots[J]. Chemical Communications, 2014, 50(11):1344-1346.
[40] Natrajan A, Sharpe D, Wen D. Chemiluminescence from alkoxy-substituted acridinium dimethylphenyl ester labels[J]. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2012, 10(17):3432-3447.
[41] Deng M, Huang C, Liu D H, Jin W, Zhu T. All fiber magnetic field sensor with Ferrofluid-filled tapered microstructured optical fiber interferometer[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(16):20668-20674.
[42] Lin P, Kwok S W, Lin H, Singh V, Kimerling L, Whitesides G, Agarwal A. Mid-infrared spectrometer using opto-nanofluidic slot-waveguide for label-free on-chip chemical sensing[J]. Nano Letters, 2014, 14(1):231-238.
[43] López-Lorente Á, Sieger M, Valcárcel M, Mizaikoff B. Infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy for the characterization of gold nanoparticles in solution[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2014, 86(1):783-789.
[44] Kaufman J J, Tao G M, Shabahang S, Banaei E H, Deng D S, Liang X, Johnson S G, Fink Y, Abouraddy A F. Structured spheres generated by an in-fibre fluid instability[J]. Nature, 2012, 487(7408):463-467.
[45] Wang Y P, Tan X L, Jin W, Ying D Q, Hoo Y L, Liu S J. Temperature-controlled transformation in fiber types of fluid-filled photonic crystal fibers and applications[J]. Optics Letters, 2010, 35(1):88-90.
[46] Yu X, Kwok Y C, Khairudin N A, Shum P. Absorption detection of cobalt(Ⅱ) ions in an index-guiding microstructured optical fiber[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2009, 137(2):462-466.
[47] Huang W, Liu Y G, Wang Z, Liu B, Wang J, Luo M G, Guo J Q, Lin L. Multi-componentintermodal-interference mechanism and characteristics of a long period grating assistant fluidfilled photonic crystal fiber interferometer[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(5):5883-5894.
[48] Jorgenson J W. Electrophoresis[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1986, 58(7):743A-760A.
[49] Lavrentovich O D, Lazo I, Pishnyak O P. Nonlinear electrophoresis of dielectric and metal spheres in a nematic liquid crystal[J]. Nature, 2010, 467:947-950.
[50] Barciszewska M, Sucha A, Balabanska S, Chmielewski M K. Gel electrophoresis in a polyvinylalcohol coated fused silica capillary for purity assessment of modified and secondarystructured oligo-and polyribonucleotides[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6:19437.
[51] Wren S P, Nguyen T H, Gascoine P, Lacey R, Sun T, Grattan K T V. Preparation of novel optical fiber-based cocaine sensors using a molecular imprinted polymer approach[J]. Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical, 2014, 193(3):35-41.
[52] Xiong Y, Ye Z, Xu J, Zhu Y, Chen C, Guand Y. An integrated microvolume fiber-optic sensor for oxygen determination in exhaled breath based on iridium (Ⅲ) complexes immobilized in fluorinated xerogels[J]. Analyst, 2013, 138(6):1819-1826.
[53] Wang Q B, Wang W, Lei J P, Xu N, Gao F L, Ju H X. Fluorescence quenching of carbon nitride nanosheet through its interaction with DNA for versatile fluorescence sensing[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2013, 85(24):12182-12191.
[54] Nawrocki J, Andrzejewski P. Nitrosamines and water[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 189(1):1-18.
[55] Lijinsky W, Epstein S S. Nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens[J]. Nature, 1970, 225(5227):21-23.
[56] Morcos E, Wiklund N P. Nitrite and nitrate measurement in human urine by capillary electrophoresis[J]. Electrophoresis, 2001, 22(13):2763-2768.
[57] Gupta S K, Gupta A B, Gupta R C, Seth A K, Bassain J K, Gupta A. Recurrent acute respiratory tract infections in areas with high nitrate concentrations in drinking water[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2000, 108(4):363-366.
[58] Zhang H, Xuan J, Xu H, Leung M K H, Leung D Y C, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang L. Enabling high-concentrated fuel operation of fuel cells with microfluidic principles:a feasibility study[J]. Applied Energy, 2013, 112(4):1131-1137.